# List of warnings

Warnings produced by Luacheck are categorized using three-digit warning codes. Warning codes can be displayed in CLI output using `--codes` CLI option or `codes` config option. Errors also have codes starting with zero.

Code | Description
--- | ---
011 | A syntax error.
021 | An invalid inline option.
022 | An unpaired inline push directive.
023 | An unpaired inline pop directive.
111 | Setting an undefined global variable.
112 | Mutating an undefined global variable.
113 | Accessing an undefined global variable.
121 | Setting a read-only global variable.
122 | Setting a read-only field of a global variable.
131 | Unused implicitly defined global variable.
142 | Setting an undefined field of a global variable.
143 | Accessing an undefined field of a global variable.
211 | Unused local variable.
212 | Unused argument.
213 | Unused loop variable.
221 | Local variable is accessed but never set.
231 | Local variable is set but never accessed.
232 | An argument is set but never accessed.
233 | Loop variable is set but never accessed.
241 | Local variable is mutated but never accessed.
311 | Value assigned to a local variable is unused.
312 | Value of an argument is unused.
313 | Value of a loop variable is unused.
314 | Value of a field in a table literal is unused.
321 | Accessing uninitialized local variable.
331 | Value assigned to a local variable is mutated but never accessed.
341 | Mutating uninitialized local variable.
411 | Redefining a local variable.
412 | Redefining an argument.
413 | Redefining a loop variable.
421 | Shadowing a local variable.
422 | Shadowing an argument.
423 | Shadowing a loop variable.
431 | Shadowing an upvalue.
432 | Shadowing an upvalue argument.
433 | Shadowing an upvalue loop variable.
511 | Unreachable code.
512 | Loop can be executed at most once.
521 | Unused label.
531 | Left-hand side of an assignment is too short.
532 | Left-hand side of an assignment is too long.
541 | An empty `do` `end` block.
542 | An empty `if` branch.
551 | An empty statement.
611 | A line consists of nothing but whitespace.
612 | A line contains trailing whitespace.
613 | Trailing whitespace in a string.
614 | Trailing whitespace in a comment.
621 | Inconsistent indentation (`SPACE` followed by `TAB`).
631 | Line is too long.

## Global variables

For each file, Luacheck builds list of defined globals and fields which can be used there. By default only globals from Lua standard library are defined; custom globals can be added using `--globals` CLI option or `globals` config option, and version of standard library can be selected using `--std` CLI option or `std` config option. When an undefined global or field is set, mutated or accessed, Luacheck produces a warning.

### Read-only globals

By default, most standard globals and fields are marked as read-only, so that setting them produces a warning. Custom read-only globals and fields can be added using `--read-globals` CLI option or `read_globals` config option, or using a custom set of globals. See Custom sets of globals

Globals and fields that are not read-only by default:

- `_G`
- `_ENV` (treated as a global by Luacheck)
- `package.path`
- `package.cpath`
- `package.loaded`
- `package.preload`
- `package.loaders`
- `package.searchers`

### Implicitly defined globals

Luacheck can be configured to consider globals assigned under some conditions to be defined implicitly. When `-d`/`--allow_defined` CLI option or `allow_defined` config option is used, all assignments to globals define them; when `-t`/`--allow_defined_top` CLI option or `allow_defined_top` config option is used, assignments to globals in the top level function scope (also known as main chunk) define them. A warning is produced when an implicitly defined global is not accessed anywhere.

### Modules

Files can be marked as modules using `-m`/`--module` CLI option or `module` config option to simulate semantics of the deprecated module function. Globals implicitly defined inside a module are considired part of its interface, are not visible outside and are not reported as unused. Assignments to other globals are not allowed, even to defined ones.

## Unused variables and values

Luacheck generates warnings for all unused local variables except one named `_`. It also detects variables which are set but never accessed or accessed but never set.

### Unused values and uninitialized variables

For each value assigned to a local variable, Luacheck computes set of expressions where it could be used. Warnings are produced for unused values (when a value can’t be used anywhere) and for accessing uninitialized variables (when no values can reach an expression). E.g. in the following snippet value assigned to `foo` on line 1 is unused, and variable `bar` is uninitialized on line 9:

     1
     2
     3
     4
     5
     6
     7
     8
     9
    10
    11
    12
    local foo = expr1()
    local bar

    if condition() then
       foo = expr2()
       bar = expr3()
    else
       foo = expr4()
       print(bar)
    end

    return foo, bar

### Secondary values and variables

Unused value assigned to a local variable is secondary if its origin is the last item on the RHS of assignment, and another value from that item is used. Secondary values typically appear when result of a function call is put into locals, and only some of them are later used. For example, here value assigned to `b` is secondary, value assigned to `c` is used, and value assigned to `a` is simply unused:

    1
    2
    3
    local a, b, c = f(), g()

    return c

A variable is secondary if all values assigned to it are secondary. In the snippet above, `b` is a secondary variable.

Warnings related to unused secondary values and variables can be removed using `-s`/`--no-unused-secondaries` CLI option or `unused_secondaries` config option.

## Shadowing declarations

Luacheck detects declarations of local variables shadowing previous declarations, unless the variable is named `_`. If the previous declaration is in the same scope as the new one, it is called redefining.

Note that it is not necessary to define a new local variable when overwriting an argument:

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    local function f(x)
       local x = x or "default" -- bad
    end

    local function f(x)
       x = x or "default" -- good
    end

## Control flow and data flow issues

The following control flow and data flow issues are detected:

- Unreachable code and loops that can be executed at most once (e.g. due to an unconditional break);
- Unused labels;
- Unbalanced assignments;
- Empty blocks.
- Empty statements (semicolons without preceding statements).

## Formatting issues

Luacheck detects some common formatting issues, such as trailing whitespace and lines that are too long.