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@Misc{2009,
  title =     {Leaf-nosed bat},
  year =      {2009},
  publisher = {Encyclopædia Britannica Online},
  type =      {Encyclopedia},
  url =       {http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/693386/leaf-nosed-bat}
}

@Book{Allen2004,
  title =     {Bats: biology, behavior, and folklore},
  publisher = {Dover Publications},
  year =      {2004},
  author =    {Allen, Glover M.},
  address =   {Mineola, N.Y.},
  note =      {Includes bibliographical references (p. [345]-358) and index. Originally published: Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1962.},
  isbn =      {0486433838 (pbk.)},
  pages =     {x, 368, [26] p. of plates},
  type =      {Book}
}

@Article{AnChiuXianMoss2008,
  author =   {AnChiu, C. and Xian, W. and Moss, C. F.},
  title =    {Flying in silence: Echolocating bats cease vocalizing to avoid sonar jamming},
  journal =  {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  year =     {2008},
  volume =   {105},
  number =   {35},
  pages =    {13116--13121},
  abstract = {Although it has been recognized that echolocating bats may experience jamming from the signals of 
conspecifics, research on this problem has focused exclusively on time-frequency adjustments in the emitted s
ignals to minimize interference. Here, we report a surprising new strategy used by bats to avoid interference, 
namely silence. In a quantitative study of flight and vocal behavior of the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), 
we discovered that the bat spends considerable time in silence when flying with conspecifics. Silent behavior, 
defined here as at least one bat in a pair ceasing vocalization for more than 0.2 s (200 ms), occurred as much 
as 76\% of the time (mean of 40\% across 7 pairs) when their separation was shorter than 1 m, but only 0.08\% 
when a single bat flew alone. Spatial separation, heading direction, and similarity in call design of paired bats were related to the prevalence of this silent behavior. Our data suggest that the bat uses silence as a strategy to avoid interference from sonar vocalizations of its neighbor, while listening to conspecific-generated acoustic signals to guide orientation. Based on previous neurophysiological studies of the bat's auditory midbrain, we hypothesize that environmental sounds (including vocalizations produced by other bats) and active echolocation evoke neural activity in different populations of neurons. Our findings offer compelling evidence that the echolocating bat switches between active and passive sensing to cope with a complex acoustic environment, and these results hold broad implications for research on navigation and communication throughout the animal kingdom.},
  doi =      {10.1073/pnas.0804408105},
  issn =     {0027-8424},
  keywords = {echolocation passive listening big brown bat acoustic interference spatial orientation sound-localization modulated signals auditory-cortex target range information pattern},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{Avila-FloresMedellin2004,
  author =   {Avila-Flores, R. and Medellin, R. A.},
  title =    {Ecological, taxonomic, and physiological correlates of cave use by mexican bats},
  journal =  {Journal of Mammalogy},
  year =     {2004},
  volume =   {85},
  number =   {4},
  pages =    {675-687},
  note =     {848HH Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:103},
  abstract = {Roost use by bats is likely affected by their water balance and thermoregulatory abilities. To test this hypothesis, we explored the relationship between 4 traits of different species of bats (body size, general food habits, taxonomic group, and thermoregulatory pattern) and microclimates at roosts (temperature and humidity). We recorded roost variables and presence of bats in 18 caves from 5 contrasting biomes in central Mexico. There was little evidence of microclimatic specificity among the 23 species studied, but maternity colonies used warmer roosts and hibernating bats used cooler roosts. Heterothermic species (Vespertilionidae) used colder caves with the widest temperature range (1.6-29.8degreesC), whereas homeothermic species (Emballonuridae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostomidae, and Natalidae) occupied warmer roosts (14.5-37.5degreesC). Within these caves, precise (narrow body temperature range) homeotherms occupied slightly cooler roosts than more labile homeotherms. Body size alone was not associated with cave use patterns. However, when homeotherms and heterotherms were examined separately, body size and temperature were negatively correlated. The smallest homeothermic insectivorous species (<10 g) consistently occupied roosts with temperatures >20degreesC (more often >25degreesC), whereas only the largest homeothermic insectivores were found as low as 16degreesC. Frugivorous, nectarivorous, and sanguivorous bats were found in a wide range of temperatures (14.5-37degreesC), but often at <20degreesC. Humidity in roosts was highly variable for most species and we did not detect any trend regarding this factor. Our data suggest that the thermoregulatory ability resulting from the complex interaction of body size, type of food, and taxonomic affiliation constrains species with respect to types of roosts that they can successfully exploit. Our results support the hypothesis that temperature is the most important physical factor influencing roost selection in bats.},
  doi =      {10.1644/Bos-127},
  issn =     {0022-2372},
  keywords = {bats caves mexico microclimate thermoregulation use of roosts big brown bats long-nosed bat temperature regulation neotropical bats dwelling bats maternity colonies oxygen-consumption roosting ecology eptesicus-fuscus metabolic rates},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{BayernHeathcoteRutzEtAl2009,
  author =   {von Bayern, A. M. P. and Heathcote, R. J. P. and Rutz, C. and Kacelnik, A.},
  title =    {The role of experience in problem solving and innovative tool use in crows},
  journal =  {Current Biology},
  year =     {2009},
  volume =   {19},
  number =   {22},
  pages =    {1965-1968},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 529UO Times Cited: 14 Cited Reference Count: 17 von Bayern, Auguste M. P. Heathcote, Robert J. P. Rutz, Christian Kacelnik, Alex Schools Competition Act Settlement Trust; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council David Phillips Fellow [BB/G023913/1] R.J.P.H. was supported by a bursary from the Schools Competition Act Settlement Trust. C.R. is a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council David Phillips Fellow (grant BB/G023913/1). We would like to thank C. Bird, I. Federspiel, and N. Emery for sharing their apparatus with us. Cell press Cambridge},
  abstract = {Creative problem solving and innovative tool use in animals are often seen as indicators of advanced intelligence because they seem to imply causal reasoning abilities [1]. However, complex behavior can also arise from relatively simple mechanisms [2, 3], and the cognitive operations underlying seemingly "insightful" behavior are rarely examined [4]. By controlling and varying prior experience, it is possible to determine the minimum information animals require to solve a given problem [5]. We investigated how pretesting experience affects the performance of New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) when facing a novel problem. The task (developed by Bird and Emery [6]) required dropping stones into a vertical tube to collapse an out-of-reach platform in a transparent box and release a food reward. After establishing that the birds had no preexisting tendency to drop stones into holes, subjects were assigned to two experimental groups that were given different kinds of experience with the affordances of the apparatus. Crows that had learned about the mechanism (collapsibility) of the platform without the use of stones passed the task, just like the subjects that had previously been trained to drop stones. This demonstrates that successful innovation was also possible after acquaintance with just the functional properties of the task.},
  doi =      {10.1016/j.cub.2009.10.037},
  issn =     {0960-9822},
  keywords = {caledonian crows pigeon},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Misc{Binfield2008,
  author = {Binfield, Peter },
  title =  {At PLoS ONE we're batty about bats},
  month =  {September 9},
  year =   {2008},
  pages =  {Web log message},
  type =   {Blog},
  url =    {http://www.plos.org/cms/trackback/398},
  volume = {2009}
}

@Article{BirdEmery2009,
  author =   {Bird, C. D. and Emery, N. J.},
  title =    {Insightful problem solving and creative tool modification by captive nontool-using rooks},
  journal =  {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  year =     {2009},
  volume =   {106},
  number =   {25},
  pages =    {10370-10375},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 461SQ Times Cited: 54 Cited Reference Count: 40 Bird, Christopher D. Emery, Nathan J. Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; Royal Society; University of Cambridge Wethank 
N. Clayton and J. Hinde for critical discussion and useful ideas. Wealso thank I. Miller for making the apparatus, C. Donovan for bird care, B. McCabe for statistical advice, C. Margerison for interobserver reliability coding. The work was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Royal Society, and the University of Cambridge. N. J. E. was supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. Natl acad sciences Washington},
  abstract = {The ability to use tools has been suggested to indicate advanced physical cognition in animals. Here we show that rooks, a member of the corvid family that do not appear to use tools in the wild are capable of insightful problem solving related to sophisticated tool use, including spontaneously modifying and using a variety of tools, shaping hooks out of wire, and using a series of tools in a sequence to gain a reward. It is remarkable that a species that does not use tools in the wild appears to possess an understanding of tools rivaling habitual tool users such as New Caledonian crows and chimpanzees. Our findings suggest that the ability to represent tools may be a domain-general cognitive capacity rather than an adaptive specialization and questions the relationship between physical intelligence and wild tool use.},
  doi =      {10.1073/pnas.0901008106},
  issn =     {0027-8424},
  keywords = {cognition intelligence Corvus frugilegus hook crow corvus-moneduloides caledonian crows material culture hook-tools frugilegus evolution manufacture orangutans cognition features},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{BrinklovKalkoSurlykke2009,
  author =   {Brinklov, S. and Kalko, E. K. V. and Surlykke, A.},
  title =    {Intense echolocation calls from two 'whispering' bats, Artibeus jamaicensis and Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Phyllostomidae)},
  journal =  {Journal of Experimental Biology},
  year =     {2009},
  volume =   {212},
  number =   {1},
  pages =    {11-20},
  abstract = {Bats use echolocation to exploit a variety of habitats and food types. Much research has documented how frequency-time features of echolocation calls are adapted to acoustic constraints imposed by habitat and prey but emitted sound intensities have received little attention. Bats from the family of Phyllostomidae have been categorised as low intensity ( whispering) gleaners, assumed to emit echolocation calls with low source levels ( approximately 70dBSPL measured 10cm from the bat's mouth). We used a multi-microphone array to determine intensities emitted from two phyllostomid bats from Panama with entirely different foraging strategies. Macrophyllum macrophyllum hunts insects on the wing and gaffs them with its tail membrane and feet from or above water surfaces whereas Artibeus jamaicensis picks fruit from vegetation with its mouth. Recordings were made from bats foraging on the wing in a flight room. Both species emitted surprisingly intense signals with maximum source levels of 105dBSPLr.m.s. for M. macrophyllum and 110dBSPLr.m.s. for A. jamaicensis, hence much louder than a 'whisper'. M. macrophyllum was consistently loud ( mean source level 101dBSPL) whereas A. jamaicensis showed a much more variable output, including many faint calls and a mean source level of 96dBSPL. Our results support increasing evidence that echolocating bats in general are much louder than previously thought. We discuss the importance of loud calls and large output flexibility for both species in an ecological context.},
  doi =      {10.1242/jeb.023226},
  issn =     {0022-0949},
  keywords = {bats echolocation field recordings intensity phyllostomids FRUIT-EATING BATS LEAF-NOSED BATS CAROLLIA-PERSPICILLATA NOCTILIO-LEPORINUS MYOTIS-DAUBENTONII FORAGING BEHAVIOR BULLDOG BAT HEARING EVOLUTION OLFACTION},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{ChiuMoss2007,
  author =   {Chiu, Chen and Moss, Cynthia F.},
  title =    {The role of the external ear in vertical sound localization in the free flying bat, Eptesicus fuscus},
  journal =  {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  year =     {2007},
  volume =   {121},
  number =   {4},
  abstract = {The role of the external ear in sonar target localization for prey capture was studied by deflecting the tragus of six big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus. The prey capture performance of the bat dropped significantly in the tragus-deflection condition, compared with baseline, control, and recovery conditions. Target localization error occurred in the tragus-deflected bat, and mainly in elevation. The deflection of the tragus did not abolish the prey capture ability of the bat, which suggests that other cues are available used for prey localization. Adaptive vocal and motor behaviors were also investigated in this study. The bat did not show significant changes in vocal behaviors but modified its flight trajectories in response to the tragus manipulation. The tragus-deflected bat tended to attack the prey item from above and had lower tangential velocity and larger bearing from the side, compared with baseline and recovery conditions. These findings highlight the contribution of the tragus to vertical sound localization in the free-flying big brown bat and demonstrate flight adaptations the bat makes to compensate altered acoustic cues.},
  doi =      {10.1121/1.2434760},
  issn =     {0001-4966},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Booklet{Christchurch2005,
  title =     {Pekapeka / Bats},
  author =    {RD\&I Christchurch},
  year =      {2005},
  publisher = {Department of Conservation, Te Papa Atawhai},
  type =      {Pamphlet}
}

@InBook{ClaytonEmery2009,
  pages =     {109-123},
  title =     {What do jays know about other minds and other times?},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag Berlin},
  year =      {2009},
  author =    {Clayton, N. S. and Emery, N. J.},
  editor =    {Berthoz, A. and Christen, Y.},
  series =    {Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences},
  type =      {Book Section},
  address =   {Berlin},
  note =      {ISI Document Delivery No.: BIP57 Times Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 47 Clayton, Nicola S. Emery, Nathan J. Proceedings Paper 16th Medicine Research International Symposium Feb 18, 2008 Paris, FRANCE Heidelberger platz 3, d-14197 berlin, germany},
  abstract =  {As humans, our thoughts are not "stuck in time." Indeed, it is our ability to mentally dissociate ourselves from the present that allows us to recall the past and plan for our future (mental time travel). We can also reason about what others might be thinking (mental attribution) and thus dissociate ourselves from other selves. Many psychologists have argued that these two forms of mental projection into other times and other minds are unique to humans and that the six-layered prefrontal cortex is the necessary platform for such intelligence. Recent studies challenge these assumptions, however, and some of the most convincing evidence comes not from our closest relatives, the great apes, but from a surprisingly smart, large-brained bird, the western scrub-jay. Like many other members of the crow family (corvids), these birds hide food for the future and go to great lengths to prevent other birds from stealing their caches. In terms of recalling the past, these birds form complex, highly flexible and integrated memories of the "what, where and when" of specific past caching episodes. They also recall whether another individual was present at the time of caching, and if so, which bird was watching when, and take protective action accordingly, suggesting that they may also be aware of others' knowledge states. This behaviour is only seen in experienced jays that have been thieves themselves in the past, however. Nave birds that had no thieving experience do not do so, a result that raises the intriguing possibility that experienced jays are able to simulate another bird's viewpoint. Finally, recent work demonstrates that the jays also make provision for a future need and will cache more food in places in which they will not be given breakfast the following morning than in places where they will receive breakfast the next morning, even though there is plenty of food available to them to consume at the time of making their caching decisions. We shall argue that, taken together, these results suggest that these birds do possess some knowledge of both other minds and other times, and since birds do not have a six-layered cortical arrangement, these results also challenge the assumption that the mammalian brain is the essential platform for the evolution of these cognitive processes.},
  booktitle = {Neurobiology of Umwelt: How Living Beings Perceive the World},
  doi =       {10.1007/978-3-540-85897-3-10},
  isbn =      {978-3-540-85896-6},
  keywords =  {western scrub-jays observational spatial memory food-caching corvids episodic-like memory aphelocoma-californica social cognition chimpanzees know corvus-corax evolution animals},
  url =       {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/729/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-3-540-85897-3_10.pdf?auth66=1364667757_aad05af05617e6231b7342e1099e90e0&ext=.pdf}
}

@Article{DeLongBraggSimmons2008,
  author =  {DeLong, C. M. and Bragg, R. and Simmons, J. A.},
  title =   {Evidence for spatial representation of object shape by echolocating bats (Eptesicus fuscus)},
  journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  year =    {2008},
  volume =  {123},
  number =  {6},
  pages =   {4582-4598},
  note =    {Times Cited: 1},
  doi =     {10.1121/1.2912450},
  issn =    {0001-4966},
  type =    {Journal Article}
}

@Article{Emery2006,
  author =   {Emery, N. J.},
  title =    {Cognitive ornithology: The evolution of avian intelligence},
  journal =  {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
  year =     {2006},
  volume =   {361},
  number =   {1465},
  pages =    {23-43},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 006WM Times Cited: 74 Cited Reference Count: 208 Emery, NJ Royal society London},
  abstract = {Comparative psychologists interested in the evolution of intelligence have focused their attention on social primates, whereas birds tend to be used as models of associative learning. However, corvids and parrots, which have forebrains relatively the same size as apes, live in complex social groups and have a long developmental period before becoming independent, have demonstrated ape-like intelligence. Although, ornithologists have documented thousands of hours observing birds in their natural habitat, they have focused their attention on avian behaviour and ecology, rather than intelligence. This review discusses recent studies of avian cognition contrasting two different approaches; the anthropocentric approach and the adaptive specialization approach. It is argued that the most productive method is to combine the two approaches. This is discussed with respects to recent investigations of two supposedly unique aspects of human cognition; episodic memory and theory of mind. In reviewing the evidence for avian intelligence, corvids and parrots appear to be cognitively superior to other birds and in many cases even apes. This suggests that complex cognition has evolved in species with very different brains through a process of convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry, although the notion that birds and mammals may share common neural connectivity patterns is discussed.},
  doi =      {10.1098/rstb.2005.1736},
  issn =     {0962-8436},
  keywords = {birds corvid nidopallium complex cognition intelligence evolution parrot psittacus-erithacus african gray parrot pigeon columba-livia hummingbirds selasphorus-rufus observational spatial memory discrimination learning set presumed prefrontal cortex episodic-like memory ravens corvus-corax food-storing birds},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{EmeryClayton2009,
  author =   {Emery, N. J. and Clayton, N. S.},
  title =    {Tool use and physical cognition in birds and mammals},
  journal =  {Current Opinion in Neurobiology},
  year =     {2009},
  volume =   {19},
  number =   {1},
  pages =    {27-33},
  note =     {Emery, Nathan J Clayton, Nicola S eng Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review England 2009/03/31 09:00 Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2009 Feb;19(1):27-33. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2009.02.003. Epub 2009 Mar 26.},
  abstract = {In the wild, chimpanzees are the most prolific and proficient tool users, yet their understanding of tools in the laboratory is surprisingly poor. Although this apparent lack of understanding might be interpreted as a reflection of a general failure of animals to appreciate 'folk physics', recent studies suggest that some non-tool using species perform rather well on such laboratory tasks. In some animals, tool use and manufacture may also engage aspects of planning, but some non-tool using species have also been shown to demonstrate prospective cognition. Consequently, we argue that habitual tool use is not a clear predictor of physical intelligence, for either instrumental tool tasks or tests of planning.},
  doi =      {10.1016/j.conb.2009.02.003},
  issn =     {1873-6882 (Electronic) 0959-4388 (Linking)},
  keywords = {Animals *Birds/physiology Brain/physiology *Cognition/physiology Intelligence/physiology Mammals/physiology/*psychology Motivation *Tool Use Behavior/physiology},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{EmerySeedBayernEtAl2007,
  author =   {Emery, N. J. and Seed, A. M. and von Bayern, A. M. P. and Clayton, N. S.},
  title =    {Cognitive adaptations of social bonding in birds},
  journal =  {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
  year =     {2007},
  volume =   {362},
  number =   {1480},
  pages =    {489-505},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 146QH Times Cited: 75 Cited Reference Count: 118 Emery, Nathan J. Seed, Amanda M. von Bayern, Auguste M. P. Clayton, Nicola S. Royal soc London},
  abstract = {The 'social intelligence hypothesis' was originally conceived to explain how primates may have evolved their superior intellect and large brains when compared with other animals. Although some birds such as corvids may be intellectually comparable to apes, the same relationship between sociality and brain size seen in primates has not been found for birds, possibly suggesting a role for other non-social factors. But bird sociality is different from primate sociality. Most monkeys and apes form stable groups, whereas most birds are monogamous, and only form large flocks outside of the breeding season. Some birds form lifelong pair bonds and these species tend to have the largest brains relative to body size. Some of these species are known for their intellectual abilities (e.g. corvids and parrots), while others are not (e.g. geese and albatrosses). Although socio-ecological factors may explain some of the differences in brain size and intelligence between corvids/parrots and geese/albatrosses, we predict that the type and quality of the bonded relationship is also critical. Indeed, we present empirical evidence that rook and jackdaw partnerships resemble primate and dolphin alliances. Although social interactions within a pair may seem simple on the surface, we argue that cognition may play an important role in the maintenance of long-term relationships, something we name as 'relationship intelligence'.},
  doi =      {10.1098/rstb.2006.1991},
  issn =     {0962-8436},
  keywords = {avian brain jackdaw monogamy pair bonding rook social intelligence jackdaws corvus-monedula geese anser-anser spectacled parrotlets brain size melopsittacus-undulatus forpus-conspicillatus captive chimpanzees forebrain size contact calls carrion crow},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Misc{EnvironmentalConservation2009,
  author = {New York State Department of Environmental Conservation},
  title =  {Guidelines for conducting bird and bat studies at commercial wind energy projects},
  year =   {2009},
  type =   {Government Document},
  url =    {http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/windguidelines.pdf}
}

@Misc{Foundation2007,
  author =    {The Alex Foundation},
  title =     {Alex the African grey parrot and subject of landmark studies of bird intelligence dies at 31},
  month =     {September 10},
  year =      {2007},
  abstract =  {Press release announcing the death of Alex, the African Grey parrot that changed science's view of parrot intelligence.},
  keywords =  {Alex avian intelligence avian cognition},
  publisher = {The Alex Foundation},
  type =      {Press Release},
  url =       {http://www.alexfoundation.org/press_release.html}
}

@Article{FraserBugnyar2011,
  author =   {Fraser, O. N. and Bugnyar, T.},
  title =    {Ravens reconcile after aggressive conflicts with valuable partners},
  journal =  {PLoS ONE},
  year =     {2011},
  volume =   {6},
  number =   {3},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 740SE Times Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 40 Fraser, Orlaith N. Bugnyar, Thomas European Science Fund [ESF-COCOR: I-105-G11]; Austrian Science Fund [FWF-START: Y366-B17]; FWF-Erwin-Schrodinger [J2064, J2225, R31-B03] This study was supported by grants from the European Science Fund (ESF-COCOR: I-105-G11) and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF-START: Y366-B17; FWF-Erwin-Schrodinger J2064, J2225 and R31-B03) to TB. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Public library science San francisco},
  abstract = {Reconciliation, a post-conflict affiliative interaction between former opponents, is an important mechanism for reducing the costs of aggressive conflict in primates and some other mammals as it may repair the opponents' relationship and reduce post-conflict distress. Opponents who share a valuable relationship are expected to be more likely to reconcile as for such partners the benefits of relationship repair should outweigh the risk of renewed aggression. In birds, however, post-conflict behavior has thus far been marked by an apparent absence of reconciliation, suggested to result either from differing avian and mammalian strategies or because birds may not share valuable relationships with partners with whom they engage in aggressive conflict. Here, we demonstrate the occurrence of reconciliation in a group of captive subadult ravens (Corvus corax) and show that it is more likely to occur after conflicts between partners who share a valuable relationship. Furthermore, former opponents were less likely to engage in renewed aggression following reconciliation, suggesting that reconciliation repairs damage caused to their relationship by the preceding conflict. Our findings suggest not only that primate-like valuable relationships exist outside the pair bond in birds, but that such partners may employ the same mechanisms in birds as in primates to ensure that the benefits afforded by their relationships are maintained even when conflicts of interest escalate into aggression. These results provide further support for a convergent evolution of social strategies in avian and mammalian species.},
  doi =      {10.1371/journal.pone.0018118},
  issn =     {1932-6203},
  keywords = {postconflict affiliation convergent evolution corvus-frugilegus scrub-jays chimpanzees primates resolution intelligence consolation corvids},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{Funk2002,
  author =   {Funk, M. S.},
  title =    {Problem solving skills in young yellow-crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus auriceps)},
  journal =  {Animal Cognition},
  year =     {2002},
  volume =   {5},
  number =   {3},
  pages =    {167-176},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 607ZB Times Cited: 20 Cited Reference Count: 73 Funk, MS Springer heidelberg Heidelberg},
  abstract = {Despite the long divergent evolutionary history of birds and mammals, early avian and primate cognitive development have many convergent features. Some of these features were investigated with a series of tasks designed to assess human infant development. The tasks were presented to young parakeets to assess their means-end problem solving abilities. Examples of these early skills are: attaining and playing with objects, retrieving rewards through use of a stick or rake, or by pulling in rewards on supports or on the ends of strings. Twelve such tasks were presented to 11 young yellow-crowned parakeets (Cyano-ramphus auriceps) to investigate their natural abilities; there was no attempt to train them to do those tasks that they did not spontaneously perform. Six of the birds were parent-raised and five were hand-raised. The birds completed 9 of the 12 tasks, demonstrating all the Piagetian sensorimotor circular reactions, but they failed to hand-watch ("claw-watch"), to stack objects, or to fill a container. Their ordinality on the tasks differed from that of human infants in that locomotion to obtain objects occurred earlier in the avian sequence of development and the mid-level tasks were performed by the two groups of avian subjects in a mixed order perhaps indicating that these abilities may not emerge in any particular order for these birds as they supposedly do for human infants. The hand-raised group needed fewer sessions to complete these means-end tasks.},
  doi =      {10.1007/s10071-002-0149-4},
  issn =     {1435-9448},
  keywords = {development New Zealand parakeets problem solving chimpanzees pan-troglodytes combinatorial manipulation sensorimotor intelligence object permanence cebus-apella avian play tool use monkeys birds cognition},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{GotoWatanabe2012,
  author =   {Goto, K. and Watanabe, S.},
  title =    {Large-billed crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) have retrospective but not prospective metamemory},
  journal =  {Animal Cognition},
  year =     {2012},
  volume =   {15},
  number =   {1},
  pages =    {27--35},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 894WA Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 26 Goto, Kazuhiro Watanabe, 
Shigeru Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) [\#18/5950, \#22700271]; 
Global COE of Keio University [D029] We would like to express our gratitude to Kazuo Fujita, Akio Tanaka, 
and Alan C. Kamil for their comments and criticisms regarding the manuscript. We also wish to thank 
Ei-Ichi Izawa for his support in the care and maintenance of the crows in the laboratory. This research 
was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research  (\#18/5950 and \#22700271) from the 
Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), given to the first author 
and the Global COE Program (D029) of Keio University. Springer heidelberg Heidelberg},
  abstract = {Evidence of metamemory, the ability to monitor one's own memory, has been obtained in 
some primates, but it appears to be weaker in other species. In this study, we examined whether 
crows flexibly modulate their behavior by monitoring the strength of memory trace in a delayed 
matching-to-sample task using two paradigms. First, crows performing a memory test were given an 
escape option to decline taking the test (prospective metamemory). Second, crows were given the escape 
option as a "`not confident"' report after completing the test (retrospective metamemory). 
Accurate memory performance yielded a reward with a higher probability, whereas inaccurate memory 
performance resulted in no such recompense. The escape option yielded a reward with a lower probability. 
In the prospective metamemory test, crows escaped the memory test more frequently with longer delay 
intervals than they did with shorter delay intervals but no more frequently in the sample-omission than 
the sample-present trials, indicating that the crows decided to take the test or decline it by using the 
delay interval as a cue. In contrast, in the retrospective metamemory test, the crows escaped the memory 
test more frequently when their memory-test response was incorrect than correct and more frequently in 
the sample-omission than the sample-present trials, indicating that the crows recognized confidence 
regarding their choice in the memory test and utilized the escape option to maximize reward probability. 
Although these results suggest that crows retrospectively monitor the strength of memory trace, their 
prospective metamemory ability has not yet been confirmed in the present paradigm.},
  doi =      {10.1007/s10071-011-0428-z},
  issn =     {1435-9448},
  keywords = {Metamemory Memory monitoring Metacognition Confidence Corvids matching-to-sample memory monkeys intelligence awareness evolution remember animals pigeons humans},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Misc{Greenhall1982,
  author =    {Greenhall, Arthur M.},
  title =     {House bat management},
  year =      {1982},
  publisher = {Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online},
  type =      {Government Document},
  url =       {http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/mammals/housebat/index.htm},
  volume =    {Resource Publication 143}
}

@Article{GrothePark2000,
  author =   {Grothe, B. and Park, T. J.},
  title =    {Structure and function of the bat superior olivary complex},
  journal =  {Microscopy Research and Technique},
  year =     {2000},
  volume =   {51},
  number =   {4},
  pages =    {382-402},
  note =     {Grothe, B Park, T J eng Review 2000/11/09 11:00 Microsc Res Tech. 2000 Nov 15;51(4):382-402.},
  abstract = {The superior olivary complex (SOC) is a mammalian auditory brainstem structure that contains several nuclei. Some of them are part of the ascending system projecting to higher auditory centers, others belong to the descending system projecting to the cochlear nuclei or the cochlea itself. The main nuclei of the ascending system, the lateral and medial superior olive (LSO, MSO), as well as the lateral and medial nuclei of the trapezoid body (LNTB, MNTB), have been traditionally associated with sound localization. Here we review the results of recent studies on the main SOC nuclei in echolocating bats. These studies suggest that some SOC structures and functions are highly conserved across mammals (e.g., the LSO, which is associated with interaural intensity difference processing), while others are phylogenetically highly variable in both form and function (e.g., the MSO, traditionally associated with interaural time difference processing). For the MSO, these variations indicate that we should broaden our view regarding what functions the MSO might participate in, since its function in echolocation seems to lie in the context of pattern recognition rather than sound localization. Furthermore, across bat species, variations in the form and physiology of the MSO can be linked to specific behavioral adaptations associated with different echolocation strategies. Finally, the comparative approach, including auditory specialists such as bats, helps us to reach a more comprehensive view of the functional anatomy of auditory structures that are still poorly understood, like the nucleus of the central acoustic tract (NCAT).},
  doi =      {10.1002/1097-0029(20001115)51:4<382::AID-JEMT7>3.0.CO;2-7},
  issn =     {1059-910X (Print) 1059-910X (Linking)},
  keywords = {Animals Chiroptera/*anatomy & histology/physiology Cochlea/anatomy & histology/physiology Cochlear Nucleus/anatomy & histology/physiology Echolocation Olivary Nucleus/*anatomy & histology/physiology Pons/*anatomy & histology/physiology Sound Localization},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@InProceedings{HaginoHiryuFujiokaEtAl,
  author =    {Hagino, T. and Hiryu, S. and Fujioka, S. and Riquimaroux, H. and Watanabe, Y.},
  title =     {Adaptive SONAR sounds by echolocating bats},
  booktitle = {5th International Symposium on Underwater Technology},
  series =    {2007 Symposium on Underwater Technology and Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables and Related Technologies, Vols 1 and 2},
  pages =     {647-651},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  abstract =  {Like dolphins, bats are known to possess highly developed SONAR systems in air. Echolocating bats can be divided into two groups: the CF-FM and FM bats depending on frequency structure of their pulses. In this study, we used one of Japanese FM bat species, Pipistrellus abramus. The echolocation behavior was examined for two different flight tasks: (a) field recording while capturing insects in the open area, and (b) recording for a landing approach to a target wall in the laboratory. We acoustically compared these two echolocations by the bats while approaching a target. In the field and laboratory, repetition rates of pulse emission in the search phase were constant at approximately 10 pulses/s. When approach phase was started, the bats increased the repetition rate of the pulse emission to 140-190 pulses/s. We found that the pulse duration was dynamically decreased from 10 to 0.5 ins during prey capturing in the field, whereas it ranged from 0.5 to 3-4 ms in the laboratory. A CF-like portion (a narrow slope portion at the end of pulse) was observed to follow the initial FM sweep beyond approximately 2 in of the target distance in the laboratory. Interestingly, the CF-like portion was found to be extended by the bats in the field and such long pulse duration was never seen in the laboratory. This suggests that FM bats use not only broadband signals, but also narrowband signals for echolocation in the far target range as CF-FM bat species. Biosonar animals might have been supposed to adapt their echolocation to underlying physical law in nature or their environment through their evolutionary history. These comparative studies between the field and laboratory recordings are expected to help our understanding of bat's biosonar system, and various echolocation strategies employed by the bats will contribute to develop artificial SONAR system or new echo-sensing devices in the future.},
  keywords =  {pipistrelle bats signals plasticity behavior flight},
  type =      {Conference Proceedings}
}

@Article{Hartle2008,
  author =  {Hartle, D.},
  title =   {Alex \& Me: How a scientist and a parrot discovered a hidden world of animal intelligence—and formed a deep bond in the process},
  journal = {Library Journal},
  year =    {2008},
  volume =  {133},
  number =  {18},
  pages =   {94},
  note =    {ISI Document Delivery No.: 388OX Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 1 Hartle, Diana Reed business information New york},
  issn =    {0363-0277},
  type =    {Journal Article}
}

@Article{HollandKirschvinkDoakEtAl2008,
  author =  {Holland, Richard A. and Kirschvink, Joseph L. and Doak, Thomas G. and Wikelski, Martin},
  title =   {Bats use magnetite to detect the earth's magnetic field},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  year =    {2008},
  volume =  {3},
  number =  {2},
  pages =   {e1676, 1-6},
  doi =     {10.1371/Journal.Pone.0001676},
  issn =    {1932-6203},
  type =    {Journal Article}
}

@Article{HolzhaiderSibleyTaylorEtAl2011,
  author =   {Holzhaider, J. C. and Sibley, M. D. and Taylor, A. H. and Singh, P. J. and Gray, R. D. and Hunt, G. R.},
  title =    {The social structure of New Caledonian crows},
  journal =  {Animal Behaviour},
  year =     {2011},
  volume =   {81},
  number =   {1},
  pages =    {83-92},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 695ZY Times Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 60 Holzhaider, J. C. Sibley, M. D. Taylor, A. H. Singh, P. J. Gray, R. D. Hunt, G. R. New Zealand Marsden Fund We thank William Wadrobert for kindly allowing us to work on his family's land in Wabao District, Mare, and the Province des Iles Loyaute for permission to work on Mare. Roland Rehm assisted with data collection and maintaining tracks and tables in the forest. We thank two referees and Thomas Bugnyar for comments that much improved the paper. This research was funded by a grant from the New Zealand Marsden Fund (R.D.G. and G.R.H.). Academic press ltd- elsevier science ltd London},
  abstract = {New Caledonian (NC) crows, Corvus moneduloides, have impressive tool-manufacturing and tool-using skills in the wild, and captive birds have displayed exceptional cognitive abilities in experimental situations. However, their social system is largely unknown. In this study we investigated whether the social structure of NC crows might have had a role in the development of their cognitive skills. We observed crows in their natural habitat on the island of Mare, New Caledonia, and estimated their social network size based on tolerance to family and nonfamily crows at feeding tables. Our findings suggest that NC crows are not a highly social corvid species. Their core unit was the immediate family consisting of a pair and juveniles from up to two consecutive breeding years. Pairs stayed together year round, and were closely accompanied by juveniles during their first year of life. Parents were highly tolerant of juveniles and sometimes continued to feed them well into their second year. NC crows predominantly shared feeding tables with immediate family. Of the nonfamily crows tolerated, juveniles were overrepresented. The main mechanism for any social transmission of foraging skills is likely to be vertical (from parents to offspring), with only limited opportunity for horizontal transmission. The social organization we found on Mare is consistent with the idea that NC crows' multiple pandanus tool designs on mainland Grande Terre are an example of cumulative technological evolution. (c) 2010 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  doi =      {10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.015},
  issn =     {0003-3472},
  keywords = {Corvus moneduloides extended parental care New Caledonian crow social intelligence social structure technical intelligence vertical transmission pandanus-tool manufacture extended parental care corvus-moneduloides cultural transmission convergent evolution hook-tools intelligence dispersal cognition apes},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Misc{International2008,
  author = {Bat Conservation International},
  title =  {Bat Conservation International},
  year =   {2008},
  number = {December 15, 2011},
  type =   {Web Page},
  url =    {http://www.batcon.org}
}

@Article{JenWu2008,
  author =  {Jen, P. H. S. and Wu, C. H.},
  title =   {Echo duration selectivity of the bat varies with pulse-echo amplitude difference},
  journal = {Neuroreport},
  year =    {2008},
  volume =  {19},
  number =  {3},
  pages =   {373-377},
  note =    {Times Cited: 2},
  doi =     {10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f52c61},
  issn =    {0959-4965},
  type =    {Journal Article}
}

@Misc{Laudato2010,
  author =    {Laudato, Anthony},
  title =     {Bird grooves to the beat},
  month =     {March 15, 2013},
  year =      {2010},
  note =      {Salie, Faith (Reporter)},
  abstract =  {Snowball the dancing cockatoo is the first bird docmented to dance to a beat.  
The keywords here are "`documented"' and "`to a beat."'},
  keywords =  {avian intelligence dance cockatoo language},
  publisher = {CBS},
  type =      {Online Multimedia},
  url =       {http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6554351n&tag=contentMain;contentBody}
}

@Article{LefebvreSol2008,
  author =   {Lefebvre, L. and Sol, D.},
  title =    {Brains, lifestyles and cognition: Are there general trends?},
  journal =  {Brain, Behavior and Evolution},
  year =     {2008},
  volume =   {72},
  number =   {2},
  pages =    {135-144},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 357VS Times Cited: 39 Cited Reference Count: 103 Lefebvre, Louis Sol, Daniel 
27th Annual J-B-Johnston-Club Meeting/19th Annual Karger Workshop 2007 San Diego, CA JB Johnston Club Karger Basel},
  abstract = {Comparative and experimental approaches to cognition in different animal taxa suggest some degree of 
convergent evolution. Similar cognitive trends associated with similar lifestyles (sociality, generalism, new habitats) 
are seen in taxa that are phylogenetically distant and possess remarkably different brains. Many cognitive measures 
show positive intercorrelations at the inter-individual and inter-taxon level, suggesting some degree of general 
intelligence. Ecological principles like the unpredictability of resources in space and time may drive different 
types of cognition (e. g., social and non-social) in the same direction. Taxa that rank high on comparative counts 
of cognition in the field are usually the ones that succeed well in experimental tests, with the exception of avian 
imitation. From apes to birds, fish and beetles, a few common principles appear to have influenced the evolution of 
brains and cognition in widely divergent taxa. Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel},
  doi =      {10.1159/000151473},
  issn =     {0006-8977},
  keywords = {Brain Evolution Neuroecology Cognition ongoing adaptive evolution crow corvus-moneduloides cellular 
scaling rules song repertoire size wild carib grackles food-storing birds tool-use caledonian crows capuchin monkeys 
mushroom bodies},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{MossSinha2003,
  author =  {Moss, C. F. and Sinha, S. R.},
  title =   {Neurobiology of echolocation in bats},
  journal = {Current Opinion in Neurobiology},
  year =    {2003},
  volume =  {13},
  number =  {6},
  pages =   {751-758},
  note =    {Times Cited: 14},
  doi =     {10.1016/j.conb.2003.10.016},
  issn =    {0959-4388},
  type =    {Journal Article}
}

@InProceedings{Pepperberg,
  author =    {Pepperberg, I. M.},
  title =     {In search of King Solomon's ring: Cognitive and communicative studies of grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)},
  booktitle = {21st Annual Krost Symposium on Evolution of Intelligence: Brain, Behavioral and Computational Approaches},
  editor =    {Bailey, S.},
  abstract =  {During the past 24 years, I have used a modeling technique (M/R procedure) to train Grey parrots to use an allospecific code (English speech) referentially; I then use the code to test their cognitive abilities. The oldest bird, Alex, labels more than 50 different objects, 7 colors, 5 shapes, quantities to 6, 3 categories (color, shape, material) and uses 'no', 'come here', wanna go X' and 'want Y' (X and Y are appropriate location or item labels). He combines labels to identify, request, comment upon or refuse more than 100 items and to alter his environment. He processes queries to judge category, relative size, quantity, presence or absence of similarity/difference in attributes, and show label comprehension. He semantically separates labeling from requesting. He thus exhibits capacities once presumed limited to humans or nonhuman primates. Studies on this and other Greys show that parrots given training that lacks some aspect of input present in M/R protocols (reference, functionality, social interaction) fail to acquire referential English speech. Examining how input affects the extent to which parrots acquire an allospecific code may elucidate mechanisms of other forms of exceptional learning: learning unlikely in the normal course of development but that can occur under certain conditions. Copyright (C) 2002 S, Karger AG, Basel.},
  keywords =  {birds cognition communication grey parrots artificial language comprehension mutual exclusivity object permanence videotaped instruction sturnus-vulgaris sesame street acquisition children skills size},
  type =      {Conference Proceedings}
}

@Article{Pepperberg1999,
  author =   {Pepperberg, I. M.},
  title =    {Rethinking syntax: A commentary on E. Kako's "Elements of syntax in the systems of three language-trained animals"},
  journal =  {Animal Learning \& Behavior},
  year =     {1999},
  volume =   {27},
  number =   {1},
  pages =    {15-17},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 176CL Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 23 Pepperberg, IM Psychonomic soc inc Austin},
  abstract = {Kako (1999) requests new studies of linguistic continua between humans and nonhumans. I question the value of such studies and the importance of determining whether any component of language is uniquely human. I argue that training of specific constructs (e.g., dosed classes) may not provide appropriate data, and that whether a particular species lacks or has human-like syntax likely results from specific ecological/evolutionary pressures. Social factors purported to drive intelligence and communication in primates likely exist for nonprimates such as parrots; moreover, Grey parrots demonstrate rudiments of supposedly uniquely human abilities: supralaryngeal vocal tract control, anticipatory coarticulation, and sound play.},
  doi =      {10.3758/bf03199425},
  issn =     {0090-4996},
  keywords = {parrot psittacus-erithacus object permanence song},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Book{Pepperberg1999a,
  title =     {The Alex studies: Cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots},
  publisher = {Harvard University Press},
  year =      {1999},
  author =    {Pepperberg, Irene M.},
  address =   {Cambridge, Mass.},
  note =      {99029630 (Irene Maxine) Irene Maxine Pepperberg. ill. ; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. [347]-408).},
  isbn =      {067400051X (hc. alk. paper)},
  keywords =  {African gray parrot Behavior. Cognition in animals. Animal communication.},
  pages =     {434},
  type =      {Book}
}

@Article{Pepperberg2004,
  author =   {Pepperberg, I. M.},
  title =    {Cognitive and communicative capacities of grey parrots — implications for the enrichment of many species},
  journal =  {Animal Welfare},
  year =     {2004},
  volume =   {13},
  pages =    {S203-S208},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 811RX Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 39 Pepperberg, IM UFAW International Symposium on Science in the Service of Animal Welfare Apr 02-04, 2003 Edinburgh, SCOTLAND Univ Federat Anim Welfare Univ federation animal welfare Wheathampstead S},
  abstract = {Much of my research has been devoted to determining the cognitive and communicative abilities of Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), but other companion animals and those in captivity in zoos also have considerable capacities that are often under-utilised in such settings. Many such animals are left to their own devices for large parts of the day, their boredom may translate into unsuitable behaviour patterns. In order to address this problem, my colleagues and I began to devise various computer-based 'toys' that would not only provide enrichment in the sense of relieving boredom and reproducing situations somewhat like the challenges faced by animals in the wild on a daily basis, but also would help us determine the extent of these animals' cognitive capacities. Some of these systems allow remote interactions between owners and their pets and others might be adapted for animal-animal interactions. In this paper I will describe these projects, their aims, and our limited progress.},
  issn =     {0962-7286},
  keywords = {animal-human communication animal welfare avian intelligence companion animals computer-based enrichment Grey parrot psittacus-erithacus videotaped instruction imitation},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{Pepperberg2006,
  author =   {Pepperberg, I. M.},
  title =    {Cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots},
  journal =  {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
  year =     {2006},
  volume =   {100},
  number =   {1-2},
  pages =    {77-86},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 086UY Times Cited: 17 Cited Reference Count: 38 Pepperberg, Irene M. International Conference on From Darwin to Dawkins - The Science and Implications of Animal Sentience Mar, 2005 London, ENGLAND Compass World Farming Trust Elsevier science bv Amsterdam},
  abstract = {This paper presents results of almost 30 years of study of the cognitive and communicative activities of Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), conventionally regarded as mindless mimics. These studies have demonstrated that Grey parrots can solve various cognitive tasks and acquire and use English speech in ways that often resemble those of very young children. Examples include the concepts of same/different, colour, size and shape. The parrot Alex can also recognize and distinguish numbers up to six, and spontaneously demonstrated his ability to grasp the concept of "none". Given the evolutionary distance between birds and mammals, these results have intriguing implications for the evolution of intelligence, the study of comparative intelligence, and the care and maintenance of birds held in captivity in zoos and as companion animals. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  doi =      {10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.005},
  issn =     {0168-1591},
  keywords = {parrot avian intelligence avian communication avian animal companion captive birds african gray parrot zero-like concept psittacus-erithacus mutual exclusivity acquisition comprehension respect number color},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{Pepperberg2006a,
  author =   {Pepperberg, I. M.},
  title =    {Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) numerical abilities: Addition and further experiments on a zero-like concept},
  journal =  {Journal of Comparative Psychology},
  year =     {2006},
  volume =   {120},
  number =   {1},
  pages =    {1-11},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 071LR Times Cited: 25 Cited Reference Count: 92 Pepperberg, Irene M. Amer psychological assoc/educational publishing foundation Washington},
  abstract = {A Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), able to quantify 6 or fewer item sets (including heterogeneous subsets) by using English labels (I. M. Pepperberg, 1994), was tested on addition of quantities involving 0-6. He was, without explicit training, asked, "How many total X?'' for 2 sequentially presented collections (e.g., of variously sized jelly beans or nuts) and required to answer with a vocal English number label. His accuracy suggested (a) that his addition abilities are comparable to those of nonhuman primates and young children, (b) some limits as to his correlation of "none" and the concept of zero, and (c) a possible counting-like strategy for the quantity 5.},
  doi =      {10.1037/0735-7036.120.1.1},
  issn =     {0735-7036},
  keywords = {nonhuman number concepts parrot cognition avian intelligence african gray parrot chimpanzee pan-troglodytes pigeons columba-livia cognitive neuroscience preschool-children number representation competence magnitude summation},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Misc{Pepperberg2008,
  author =    {Pepperberg, Irene Maxine},
  title =     {'Alex \& me': The hidden world of animal minds},
  month =     {Nov. 12},
  year =      {2008},
  note =      {Transcript: \url{http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=96897162}
	 Download audio: \url{http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/fa/2008/11/20081112_fa_01.mp3?dl=1}},
  abstract =  {Interview with Irene Pepperberg regarding her book Alex & Me: How a Scientist and a Parrot Discovered a Hidden World of Animal Intelligence—and Formed a Deep Bond in the Process.},
  keywords =  {animal cognition intelligence birds},
  publisher = {WHYY/NPR},
  type =      {Interview},
  url =       {http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96897162}
}

@Misc{Pepperberg2009,
  author =    {Pepperberg, Irene M.},
  title =     {Alex \& me: How a scientist and a parrot discovered a hidden world of animal intelligence — and formed a deep bond in the process},
  month =     {March 15, 2013},
  year =      {2009},
  note =      {Kindle books have ASIN numbers, not ISBN numbers. Table of Contents: My wonderful life moment -- Beginnings -- Alex's first labels -- Alex and me, the vagabonds -- What's a banerry? -- Alex and friends -- Alex goes hi-tech -- The next horizon -- What Alex taught me.},
  abstract =  {This story of Alex, a famous African Grey parrot, documents his thirty-year relationship with his trainer and the ways in which his life has changed scientific understanding about language and thought.},
  keywords =  {African gray parrot Behavior. Cognition in animals. Animal communication. Human-animal relationships.},
  publisher = {Scribe Publications},
  type =      {Electronic Book},
  url =       {http://www.amazon.com/Alex-scientist-discovered-intelligence-ebook/dp/B00APOWOXC/ref=sr_1_2?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1363823581&sr=1-2&keywords=alex+%26+me}
}

@Article{Pepperberg2011,
  author =   {Pepperberg, I. M.},
  title =    {Avian cognition and social interaction: Fifty years of advances},
  journal =  {Interaction Studies},
  year =     {2011},
  volume =   {12},
  number =   {2},
  pages =    {195-207},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 821YL Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 77 Pepperberg, Irene M. John benjamins publishing company Amsterdam},
  abstract = {The study of animal behavior, and particularly avian behavior, has advanced significantly in the past 50 years. In the early 1960s, both ethologists and psychologists were likely to see birds as simple automatons, incapable of complex cognitive processing. Indeed, the term "avian cognition" was considered an oxymoron. Avian social interaction was also seen as based on rigid, if sometimes complicated, patterns. The possible effect of social interaction on cognition, or vice versa, was therefore something almost never discussed. Two paradigm shifts - one concerning animal cognition and one concerning social interaction - began to change perceptions in, respectively, the early 1970s and 1980s, but only more recently have researchers actively investigated how these two areas intersect in the study of avian behavior. The fruits of such intersection can be seen in the various papers for this special issue. I provide some brief background material before addressing the striking findings of current projects. In some cases, researchers have adapted early classic methods and in other cases have devised new paradigms, but in all instances have demonstrated avian capacities that were once thought to be the exclusive domain of humans or at least nonhuman primates.},
  doi =      {10.1075/is.12.2.01pep},
  issn =     {1572-0373},
  keywords = {avian cognition avian social learning avian observational learning avian communication parrots psittacus-erithacus white-crowned sparrow african grey parrot song development videotaped instruction intelligence budgerigars information context pigeon},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@InBook{Pepperberg2012,
  chapter =   {16},
  pages =     {297-319},
  title =     {Symbolic communication in the grey parrot},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year =      {2012},
  author =    {Pepperberg, Irene M.},
  editor =    {Vonk, Jennifer and Shackelford, Todd K.},
  series =    {Oxford Library of Psychology},
  type =      {Book Section},
  address =   {New York},
  abstract =  {For over 30 years, I have used a modeling technique (the model/rival or M/R procedure) to train Grey parrots to use an allospecific code (English speech) referentially, and then employed the code to test their cognitive abilities. The oldest bird, Alex, labeled 〉50 objects, seven colors, five shapes, quantities to eight, three categories (color, shape, material) and used “no,” “come here,” “wanna go X,” and “want Y” (X, Y being appropriate location or item labels). He combined labels to identify, request, comment on, or refuse 〉150 items and to alter his environment. He processed queries to judge category, relative size, quantity, presence or absence of similarity/difference in attributes, show label comprehension and a zero-like concept; he demonstrated some understanding of phonological awareness, and numerical competence more comparable to that of young children than to nonhumans. His requests were intentional. He consequently exhibited capacities presumed limited to humans or nonhuman primates. Younger birds are acquiring similar competence.},
  booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology},
  doi =       {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199738182.013.0016},
  keywords =  {Parrot cognition parrot intelligence avian intelligence avian referential communication parrot referential communication avian social learning},
  url =       {http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199738182.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199738182-e-16}
}

@Article{PeronRat-FischerLalotEtAl2011,
  author =   {Peron, F. and Rat-Fischer, L. and Lalot, M. and Nagle, L. and Bovet, D.},
  title =    {Cooperative problem solving in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)},
  journal =  {Animal Cognition},
  year =     {2011},
  volume =   {14},
  number =   {4},
  pages =    {545-553},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 778VL Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 49 Peron, F. Rat-Fischer, L. Lalot, M. Nagle, L. Bovet, D. Springer heidelberg Heidelberg},
  abstract = {One of the main characteristics of human societies is the extensive degree of cooperation among individuals. Cooperation is an elaborate phenomenon, also found in non-human primates during laboratory studies and field observations of animal hunting behaviour, among other things. Some authors suggest that the pressures assumed to have favoured the emergence of social intelligence in primates are similar to those that may have permitted the emergence of complex cognitive abilities in some bird species such as corvids and psittacids. In the wild, parrots show cooperative behaviours such as bi-parental care and mobbing. In this study, we tested cooperative problem solving in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Our birds were tested using several experimental setups to explore the different levels of behavioural organisation between participants, differing in temporal and spatial complexity. In our experiments, African grey parrots were able to act simultaneously but mostly failed during the delay task, maybe because of a lack of inhibitory motor response. Confronted with the possibility to adapt their behaviour to the presence or absence of a partner, they showed that they were able to coordinate their actions. They also collaborated, acting complementarily in order to solve tasks, but they were not able to place themselves in the partner's role.},
  doi =      {10.1007/s10071-011-0389-2},
  issn =     {1435-9448},
  keywords = {African grey parrots Cooperation Synchrony Coordination Collaboration Social cognition social brain capuchin monkeys cebus-apella evolution birds task chimpanzees behavior primates cognition},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{SalwiczekEmerySchlingerEtAl2009,
  author =   {Salwiczek, L. H. and Emery, N. J. and Schlinger, B. and Clayton, N. S.},
  title =    {The development of caching and object permanence in western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica): Which emerges first?},
  journal =  {Journal of Comparative Psychology},
  year =     {2009},
  volume =   {123},
  number =   {3},
  pages =    {295-303},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 483KL Times Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 50 Salwiczek, Lucie H. Emery, Nathan J. Schlinger, Barney Clayton, Nicola S. Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; University of Cambridge; Royal Society University Research Fellowship This research was funded by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Grant and the University of Cambridge. Nathan Emery was supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. Amer psychological assoc Washington},
  abstract = {Recent studies on the food-caching behavior of corvids have revealed complex physical and social skills, yet little is known about the ontogeny of food caching in relation to the development of cognitive capacities. Piagetian object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible. Here, the authors focus on Piagetian Stages 3 and 4, because they are hallmarks in the cognitive development of both young children and animals. Our aim is to determine in a food-caching corvid, the Western scrub-jay, whether (1) Piagetian Stage 4 competence and tentative caching (i.e., hiding an item invisibly and retrieving it without delay), emerge concomitantly or consecutively; (2) whether experiencing the reappearance of hidden objects enhances the timing of the appearance of object permanence; and (3) discuss how the development of object permanence is related to behavioral development and sensorimotor intelligence. Our findings suggest that object permanence Stage 4 emerges before tentative caching, and independent of environmental influences, but that once the birds have developed simple object-permanence, then social learning might advance the interval after which tentative caching commences.},
  doi =      {10.1037/a0016303},
  issn =     {0735-7036},
  keywords = {Western scrub-jay object permanence sensorimotor intelligence caching development cognition parrot psittacus-erithacus jackdaws corvus-monedula marsh tits cognitive-development spatial memory food ontogeny birds hippocampus experience},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{SchloeglSchmidtBoeckleEtAl2012,
  author =   {Schloegl, C. and Schmidt, J. and Boeckle, M. and Weiss, B. M. and Kotrschal, K.},
  title =    {Grey parrots use inferential reasoning based on acoustic cues alone},
  journal =  {Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.},
  year =     {2012},
  volume =   {279},
  number =   {1745},
  pages =    {4135-4142},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 005JZ Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 32 Schloegl, Christian Schmidt, Judith Boeckle, Markus Weiss, Brigitte M. Kotrschal, Kurt Royal soc London},
  abstract = {Our ability to make logical inferences is considered as one of the cornerstones of human intelligence, fuelling investigations of reasoning abilities in non-human animals. Yet, the evidence to date is equivocal, with apes as the prime candidates to possess these skills. For instance, in a two-choice task, apes can identify the location of hidden food if it is indicated by a rattling noise caused by the shaking of a baited container. More importantly, they also use the absence of noise during the shaking of the empty container to infer that this container is not baited. However, since the inaugural report of apes solving this task, to the best of our knowledge, no comparable evidence could be found in any other tested species such as monkeys and dogs. Here, we report the first successful and instantaneous solution of the shaking task through logical inference by a non-ape species, the African grey parrot. Surprisingly, the performance of the birds was sensitive to the shaking movement: they were successful with containers shaken horizontally, but not with vertical shaking resembling parrot head-bobbing. Thus, grey parrots seem to possess ape-like cross-modal reasoning skills, but their reliance on these abilities is influenced by low-level interferences.},
  doi =      {10.1098/rspb.2012.1292},
  issn =     {0962-8452},
  keywords = {grey parrots reasoning inference shaking cognition convergence monkeys cebus-apella find hidden food psittacus-erithacus exclusion location discrimination causal apes information corvids},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Misc{Secretariat2004,
  author =    {EUROBATS Secretariat},
  title =     {EUROBATS: The Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats},
  year =      {2004},
  number =    {April 1},
  publisher = {EUROBATS},
  type =      {Web Page},
  url =       {http://www.eurobats.org/index.htm},
  volume =    {2009}
}

@Misc{Seftel2011,
  author =    {Seftel, Joshua},
  title =     {Profile: Irene Pepperberg \& Alex},
  month =     {June 24},
  year =      {2011},
  note =      {Edited by: Jessica Reynolds Directed by: Joshua Softel Also appeared in NOVA Science Now, Season 5, Episode 4, "How Smart Are Animals?" February 9, 2011},
  abstract =  {An overview of the life of Irene Pepperberg's life and work with Alex, who rewrote our understanding of "bird brains."},
  keywords =  {avian intelligence Alex cognition},
  publisher = {WGBH},
  type =      {Podcast},
  url =       {http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/rss/media/nsn_v_pod_PepperbergProfile_110624.m4v}
}

@Article{Shanahan2012,
  author =   {Shanahan, M.},
  title =    {The brain's connective core and its role in animal cognition},
  journal =  {Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.},
  year =     {2012},
  volume =   {367},
  number =   {1603},
  pages =    {2704-2714},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 999OH Times Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 80 Shanahan, Murray Royal soc London},
  abstract = {This paper addresses the question of how the brain of an animal achieves cognitive integration-that is to say how it manages to bring its fullest resources to bear on an ongoing situation. To fully exploit its cognitive resources, whether inherited or acquired through experience, it must be possible for unanticipated coalitions of brain processes to form. This facilitates the novel recombination of the elements of an existing behavioural repertoire, and thereby enables innovation. But in a system comprising massively many anatomically distributed assemblies of neurons, it is far from clear how such open-ended coalition formation is possible. The present paper draws on contemporary findings in brain connectivity and neurodynamics, as well as the literature of artificial intelligence, to outline a possible answer in terms of the brain's most richly connected and topologically central structures, its so-called connective core.},
  doi =      {10.1098/rstb.2012.0128},
  issn =     {0962-8436},
  keywords = {animal cognition brain networks computational neuroscience caledonian crows neural mechanisms global workspace basal ganglia networks model organization architecture evolution cortex},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{Shettleworth2012,
  author =   {Shettleworth, S. J.},
  title =    {Do animals have insight, and what is insight anyway?},
  journal =  {Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology},
  year =     {2012},
  volume =   {66},
  number =   {4},
  pages =    {217-226},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 055MI Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 63 Shettleworth, Sara J. Canadian psychological assoc Ottawa},
  abstract = {We cannot test animals for insight's distinctive phenomenology, the "oho" experience, but we can study the processes underlying insightful behaviour, classically described by Kohler as sudden solution of a problem after an impasse. The central question in the study of insightful behaviour in any species is whether it is the product of a distinctive cognitive process, insight. Although some claims for insight in animals confuse it with other problem-solving processes, contemporary research on string pulling and other physical problems, primarily with birds, has uncovered new examples of insightful behaviour and shed light on the role of experience in producing it. New research suggests insightful behaviour can be captured in common laboratory tasks while brain activity is monitored, opening the way to better integration of research on animals with the cognitive neuroscience of human insight.},
  doi =      {10.1037/a0030674},
  issn =     {1196-1961},
  keywords = {insight comparative cognition problem solving animals learning caledonian crows tool cognition behavior pigeon intelligence resurgence experience evolution ravens},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{Smirnova2011,
  author =   {Smirnova, A. A.},
  title =    {On the capability of birds for symbolization},
  journal =  {Biology Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences},
  year =     {2011},
  volume =   {38},
  number =   {9},
  pages =    {878-884},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 863UL Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 68 Smirnova, A. A. Maik nauka/interperiodica/springer New york},
  abstract = {The main approaches to studying the ability of animals to form concepts and symbolization are discussed. The available data on the capabilities of highly organized birds (parrots and corvids) to comprehend equivalence between signs and the concept of number are analyzed. The new own data on the ability of hooded crows for symbolization are described. The considered results confirm the concept that the capability for symbolization is inherent not only to higher mammals, but also to highly organized representatives of birds.},
  doi =      {10.1134/s106235901109007x},
  issn =     {1062-3590},
  keywords = {animal thinking generalization concept of number symbolization hooded crows parrots parrot psittacus-erithacus hooded crows numerical competence caledonian crows pan-troglodytes chimpanzee pan sign language pigeons ravens intelligence},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{Smirnova2011a,
  author =   {Smirnova, A. A.},
  title =    {Use of numerical symbols by birds},
  journal =  {Zoologichesky Zhurnal},
  year =     {2011},
  volume =   {90},
  number =   {7},
  pages =    {803-810},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 809ZH Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 65 Smirnova, A. A. Maik nauka-interperiodic publishing Moscow},
  abstract = {A methodological approach to investigate the ability of animals to the formation of concepts and symbolization is discussed. The data on the ability of birds with the high level of brain complexity (parrots and corvids) to comprehend equivalent relationships between tokens and the concept of number, as well as the use of numerical symbols are analyzed. The results of these experiments confirm the ideas that the ability of symbolization is inherent not only to higher mammals, but also to birds.},
  issn =     {0044-5134},
  keywords = {parrot psittacus-erithacus hooded crows pan-troglodytes chimpanzee pan sign language pigeons intelligence corvids evolution cognition},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{SmithRanaMissiaenEtAl2007,
  author =   {Smith, T. and Rana, R. S. and Missiaen, P. and Rose, K. D. and Sahni, A. and Singh, H. and Singh, L.},
  title =    {High bat (Chiroptera) diversity in the Early Eocene of India},
  journal =  {Naturwissenschaften},
  year =     {2007},
  volume =   {94},
  pages =    {1003-1009},
  abstract = {The geographic origin of bats is still unknown, and fossils of earliest bats are rare and poorly diversified, with, maybe, the exception of Europe. The earliest bats are recorded from the Early Eocene of North America, Europe, North Africa and Australia where they seem to appear suddenly and simultaneously. Until now, the oldest record in Asia was from the Middle Eocene. In this paper, we report the discovery of the oldest bat fauna of Asia dating from the Early Eocene of the Cambay Formation at Vastan Lignite Mine in Western India. The fossil taxa are described on the basis of well-preserved fragments of dentaries and lower teeth. The fauna is highly diversified and is represented by seven species belonging to seven genera and at least four families. Two genera and five species are new. Three species exhibit very primitive dental characters, whereas four others indicate more advanced states. Unexpectedly, this fauna presents strong affinities with the European faunas from the French Paris Basin and the German Messel locality. This could result from the limited fossil record of bats in Asia, but could also suggest new palaeobiogeographic scenarios involving the relative position of India during the Early Eocene.},
  doi =      {10.1007/s00114-007-0280-9},
  issn =     {0028-1042},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{TaylorMillerGray2012,
  author =   {Taylor, A. H. and Miller, R. and Gray, R. D.},
  title =    {New Caledonian crows reason about hidden causal agents},
  journal =  {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  year =     {2012},
  volume =   {109},
  number =   {40},
  pages =    {16389-16391},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 017SN Times Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 30 Taylor, Alex H. Miller, Rachael Gray, Russell D. Cogito Foundation; Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; New Zealand Marsden Fund We thank the Province des Iles Loyaute for permission to work on Mare and W. Wardrobert and his family for access to their land. We thank Gavin Hunt for operational support that enabled this research to be carried out. We also thank Mick Sibley for catching the crows, Vivian Ward for drawing the diagrams, and Brenna Knaebe for assistance with the video coding. For comments and suggestions, we thank Nicky Clayton, Mike Corballis, Thomas Suddendorf, Tony Dickinson, Doug Elliffe, and two anonymous reviewers. This work was supported by the Cogito Foundation and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (A. H. T.) and a grant from the New Zealand Marsden Fund (to A. H. T. and R.D.G.). Natl acad sciences Washington},
  abstract = {The ability to make inferences about hidden causal mechanisms underpins scientific and religious thought. It also facilitates the understanding of social interactions and the production of sophisticated tool-using behaviors. However, although animals can reason about the outcomes of accidental interventions, only humans have been shown to make inferences about hidden causal mechanisms. Here, we show that tool-making New Caledonian crows react differently to an observable event when it is caused by a hidden causal agent. Eight crows watched two series of events in which a stick moved. In the first set of events, the crows observed a human enter a hide, a stick move, and the human then leave the hide. In the second, the stick moved without a human entering or exiting the hide. The crows inspected the hide and abandoned probing with a tool for food more often after the second, unexplained series of events. This difference shows that the crows can reason about a hidden causal agent. Comparative studies with the methodology outlined here could aid in elucidating the selective pressures that led to the evolution of this cognitive ability.},
  doi =      {10.1073/pnas.1208724109},
  issn =     {0027-8424},
  keywords = {evolution of intelligence causal cognition corvids hook-tools habituation cognition behavior infants},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{TeelingSpringerMadsenEtAl2005,
  author =   {Teeling, E. C. and Springer, M. S. and Madsen, O. and Bates, P. and O'Brien, S. J. and Murphy, W. J.},
  title =    {A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record},
  journal =  {Science},
  year =     {2005},
  volume =   {307},
  number =   {5709},
  pages =    {580-584},
  note =     {Teeling, Emma C Springer, Mark S Madsen, Ole Bates, Paul O'brien, Stephen J Murphy, William J eng N01-CO-12400/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. New York, N.Y. 2005/02/01 09:00 Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):580-4.},
  abstract = {Bats make up more than 20\% of extant mammals, yet their evolutionary history is largely unknown because of a limited fossil record and conflicting or incomplete phylogenies. Here, we present a highly resolved molecular phylogeny for all extant bat families. Our results support the hypothesis that megabats are nested among four major microbat lineages, which originated in the early Eocene [52 to 50 million years ago (Mya)], coincident with a significant global rise in temperature, increase in plant diversity and abundance, and the zenith of Tertiary insect diversity. Our data suggest that bats originated in Laurasia, possibly in North America, and that three of the major microbat lineages are Laurasian in origin, whereas the fourth is Gondwanan. Combining principles of ghost lineage analysis with molecular divergence dates, we estimate that the bat fossil record underestimates (unrepresented basal branch length, UBBL) first occurrences by, on average, 73\% and that the sum of missing fossil history is 61\%.},
  doi =      {10.1126/science.1105113},
  issn =     {0036-8075},
  keywords = {Africa Animals Asia Bayes Theorem Biodiversity Biological Evolution Chiroptera/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics/physiology Echolocation Europe Flight, Animal *Fossils Genes Geography Likelihood Functions North America *Phylogeny Plants Sequence Analysis, DNA South America Temperature Time},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{VickBovetAnderson2010,
  author =   {Vick, S. J. and Bovet, D. and Anderson, J. R.},
  title =    {How do African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) perform on a delay of gratification task?},
  journal =  {Animal Cognition},
  year =     {2010},
  volume =   {13},
  number =   {2},
  pages =    {351-358},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 555UZ Times Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 37 Vick, Sarah-Jane Bovet, Dalila Anderson, James R. University of Nanterre This study was funded by a visiting researcher programme at the University of Nanterre and conducted during research leave granted to S-JV by the University of Stirling. We would like to thank all the staff and students at the Laboratoire d'Ethologie et de Cognition Comparees. We also thank our anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on this manuscript. This study complies with French legislation for animal care and with the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour guidelines (2009) for the treatment of animals in behavioural research and teaching (doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.10.001). Springer heidelberg Heidelberg},
  abstract = {Humans and other animals often find it difficult to choose a delayed reward over an immediate one, even when the delay leads to increased pay-offs. Using a visible incremental reward procedure, we tested the ability of three grey parrots to maintain delay of gratification for an increasingly valuable food pay-off. Up to five sunflower seeds were placed within the parrot's reach, one at a time, at a rate of one seed per second. When the parrot took a seed the trial was ended and the birds consumed the accumulated seeds. Parrots were first tested in daily sessions of ten trials and then with single daily trials. For multiple trial sessions, all three parrots showed some limited improvement across 30 sessions. For single trial sessions, only one parrot showed any increase in seed acquisition across trials. This parrot was also able to consistently obtain two or more seeds per trial (across both multiple and single trial conditions) but was unable to able to wait 5 s to obtain the maximum number of seeds. This parrot was also tested on a slower rate of seed presentation, and this significantly reduced her mean seed acquisition in both multiple and single trial conditions, suggesting that both value of reward available and delay duration impact upon self-control. Further manipulation of both the visibility and proximity of seeds during delay maintenance had little impact upon tolerance of delays for both parrots tested in this condition. This task demanded not just a choice of delayed reward but the maintenance of delayed gratification and was clearly difficult for the parrots to learn; additional training or alternative paradigms are required to better understand the capacity for self-control in this and other species.},
  doi =      {10.1007/s10071-009-0284-2},
  issn =     {1435-9448},
  keywords = {Parrots Self-control Delay maintenance Avian cognition chimpanzees pan-troglodytes self-control prefrontal cortex rhesus macaques macaca-mulatta evolution food monkeys intelligence preferences},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Book{VonkShackelford2012,
  title =     {The Oxford handbook of comparative evolutionary psychology},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year =      {2012},
  author =    {Vonk, Jennifer and Shackelford, Todd K.},
  series =    {Oxford Library of Psychology},
  address =   {New York},
  note =      {2011007124 edited by Jennifer Vonk, Todd K. Shackelford. Handbook of comparative evolutionary psychology. Comparative evolutionary psychology. ill. ; 26 cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Toward bridging gaps : finding commonality among evolutionary and comparative psychologists / Jennifer Vonk and Todd K. Shackelford -- Why behaviorism isn't Satanism / Louise Barrett -- Confronting language, representation, and belief : a limited defense of mental continuity / Kirsten Andrews and Ljiljana Radenovic -- Evolved cognitive adaptations / Aaron N. Sell -- Convergent evolution of cognition in corvids, apes and other animals / Jayden O. van Horik, Nicola S. Clayton, and Nathan J. Emery -- Social complexity and intelligence / R.I.M. Dunbar and A.G. Sutcliffe -- Cephalopod intelligence / Jennifer A. Mather -- Cold-blooded cognition : reptilian cognitive abilities / Anna Wilkinson and Ludwig Huber -- Cetacean cognitive specializations / Kelly Jaakkola -- Socio-cognitive specializations in nonhuman primates : evidence from general communication / Erika A. Cartmill and Dario Maestripieri -- The evolution of canine cognition / Ádám Miklósi and József Topál -- Episodic memory and planning / Caroline R. Raby and Nicola S. Clayton -- Comparative mental time travel : is there a cognitive divide between humans and animals in episodic memory and planning? / Miranda C. Feeney and William A. Roberts -- Animal models of human cognition / Jonathon D. Crystal -- Metacognition across species / J. David Smith ... [et al.] -- Symbolic communication in the grey parrot / Irene M. Pepperberg -- Communication in nonhuman primates / Klaus Zuberbühler -- Female preference functions provide a window into cognition, the evolution of communication, and speciation in plant-feeding insects / Reginald B. Cocroft and Laura E. Sullivan-Beckers -- Apes and the evolution of language : taking stock of 40 years of research / Heidi Lyn -- The phylogeny and ontogeny of prosocial behavior / Joan B. Silk and Bailey R. House -- The ontogeny and phylogeny of cooperation / Felix Warneken and Alicia P. Melis -- Culture and the evolution of human sociality / Alex Mesoudi and Keith Jensen -- The evolution of morality : which aspects of human moral concerns are shared with nonhuman primates? / Mark Sheskin and Laurie Santos -- The evolutionary and comparative psychology of social learning and culture / Lydia M. Hopper and Andrew Whiten -- Cognitive imitation : insights into the development and evolution of social learning / Francys Subiaul -- The ecology and evolution of social behavior and cognition in primates / Christophe Boesch -- The evolution of a cooperative social mind / Dorothy L. Cheney and Robert M. Seyfarth -- Darwin, Tinbergen, and the evolution of comparative cognition / Sara J. Shettleworth -- Comparative evolutionary psychology : a united discipline for the study of evolved traits / Jennifer Vonk and Todd K. Shackelford. Oxford library of psychology.},
  isbn =      {9780199738182},
  keywords =  {Evolutionary psychology. Psychology, Comparative. Social evolution. Behavior evolution. Cognition and culture.},
  type =      {Edited Book}
}

@Article{Wiegrebe2008,
  author =   {Wiegrebe, L.},
  title =    {An autocorrelation model of bat sonar},
  journal =  {Biological Cybernetics},
  year =     {2008},
  volume =   {98},
  number =   {6},
  pages =    {587-595},
  abstract = {Their sonar system allows echolocating bats to navigate with high skill through a complex, three- dimensional environment at high speed and low light. The auditory analysis of the echoes of their ultrasonic sounds requires a detailed comparison of the emission and echoes. Here an auditory model of bat sonar is introduced and evaluated against a set of psychophysical phantom-target, echo-acoustic experiments. The model consists of a relatively detailed simulation of auditory peripheral processing in the bat, Phyllostomus discolor, followed by a functional module consisting of a strobed, normalised, autocorrelation in each frequency channel. The model output is accumulated in a sonar image buffer. The model evaluation is based on the comparison of the image-buffer contents generated in individually simulated psychophysical trials. The model provides reasonably good predictions for both temporal and spectral behavioural sonar processing in terms of sonar delay-, roughness, and phase sensitivity and in terms of sensitivity to the temporal separations in two-front targets and the classification of spectrally divergent phantom targets.},
  doi =      {10.1007/s00422-008-0216-2},
  issn =     {0340-1200},
  keywords = {echolocation autocorrelation bats auditory image impulse response big brown bat medial superior olive inner-hair cell spear-nosed bat eptesicus-fuscus phyllostomus-discolor echolocating bat moustached bat megaderma-lyra transformation receiver},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{YovelFranzStilzEtAl2008,
  author =   {Yovel, Y. and Franz, M. O. and Stilz, P. and Schnitzler, H. U.},
  title =    {Plant classification from bat-like echolocation signals},
  journal =  {PLoS Computational Biology},
  year =     {2008},
  volume =   {4},
  number =   {3},
  pages =    {e1000032},
  abstract = {Classification of plants according to their echoes is an elementary component of bat behavior that plays an important role in spatial orientation and food acquisition. Vegetation echoes are, however, highly complex stochastic signals: from an acoustical point of view, a plant can be thought of as a three-dimensional array of leaves reflecting the emitted bat call. The received echo is therefore a superposition of many reflections. In this work we suggest that the classification of these echoes might not be such a troublesome routine for bats as formerly thought. We present a rather simple approach to classifying signals from a large database of plant echoes that were created by ensonifying plants with a frequency-modulated bat-like ultrasonic pulse. Our algorithm uses the spectrogram of a single echo from which it only uses features that are undoubtedly accessible to bats. We used a standard machine learning algorithm ( SVM) to automatically extract suitable linear combinations of time and frequency cues from the spectrograms such that classification with high accuracy is enabled. This demonstrates that ultrasonic echoes are highly informative about the species membership of an ensonified plant, and that this information can be extracted with rather simple, biologically plausible analysis. Thus, our findings provide a new explanatory basis for the poorly understood observed abilities of bats in classifying vegetation and other complex objects.},
  doi =      {DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000032},
  issn =     {1553-734X},
  keywords = {sonar object recognition olfaction behavior targets fruit},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{Zorina2005,
  author =   {Zorina, Z. A.},
  title =    {Animal intelligence: Laboratory experiments and observations in nature},
  journal =  {Zoologichesky Zhurnal},
  year =     {2005},
  volume =   {84},
  number =   {1},
  pages =    {134-148},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 902RY Times Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 75 Zorina, ZA Mezhdunarodnaya kniga Moscow},
  abstract = {Modem concepts of thinking (reasoning) in vertebrate animals as an evolutionary prerequisite of human intelligence are considered. A brief history of the problem, definitions, classification, and the main trends of studies are given. The simplest forms of animal thinking (extrapolation and categorization abilities) are shown to manifest themselves in many species of vertebrates, beginning from reptiles. This fact attest that reasoning prerequisites emerged at the early phylogenetic stages. Similar gradations of reasoning complexity were characteristic of birds and mammals, and they are shown to correlate with the brain structural and functional complexity. The higher the phylogenetic developmental level in species and the more complex the structure and function of their brain, the wider the range of reasoning abilities in these species. Highly developed mammals are not only capable of complex concept formation but of symbolization as well. Large apes appear to be capable to acquire simple forms of human language (ameslan, yerkish) and to use them for communication in a symbolic manner being compared with that in three-year-old children. The data obtained in experiments of physiologists and psychologists were verified using natural observations. These combined results promoted the development of new concepts, which connect the reasoning ability and behavioral adaptability. The behavioral pattern of animals in captivity was shown to correspond to that in nature. Classic ethology concepts, the problem of animal thinking, the significance of current ethological studies of vertebrates are discussed. Long-term and regular observations in nature have revealed a number of forms of animal reasoning, which were not described in the laboratory. The complete knowledge of the species-specific behavioral repertoire helps to exclude from a reasoning list those behavioral phenomena, which were falsely attributed earlier to categories of reasoning.},
  issn =     {0044-5134},
  keywords = {transitive inference caledonian crows hooded crows chimpanzee},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}

@Article{ZorinaObozova2011,
  author =   {Zorina, Z. A. and Obozova, T. A.},
  title =    {New data on the brain and cognitive abilities of birds},
  journal =  {Zoologichesky Zhurnal},
  year =     {2011},
  volume =   {90},
  number =   {7},
  pages =    {784-802},
  note =     {ISI Document Delivery No.: 809ZH Times Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 109 Zorina, Z. A. Obozova, T. A. Maik nauka-interperiodic publishing Moscow},
  abstract = {New evidence of functional analogies and homologies of bird and mammal brain is given; some nomenclature revision of the most important brain structures is performed. Comparative characteristics of the bird brain and criteria of its progressive development in phylogeny are considered. The possibility to use the Portman's index as an indicator of brain complexity in different species is analyzed. The necessity to study new model bird species with the "medium" (Parus caeruleus and Loxia curvirostra) and "lowest" (Larus glaucescens) levels of brain complexity is substantiated to maintain a fully-based ground for comparing the cognitive abilities of birds. A review of the experimentally supported proofs suggesting the existence of elementary thinking and some other cognitive functions among higher birds is presented. The high levels of cognitive processes that underlie the tool-using of birds, as well as their similarity in anthropoids are shown based on the results obtained in the 2000s. The comparative studies with battery of string-pulling tests confirm the ability of hooded crows and ravens to solve the tool-use tasks immediately, while birds with a "medium" level of brain complexity appear to resort to a simpler mechanism to make success. In the birds of different orders with the "highest" brain complexity (for instance, corvids and parrots), the dynamics of abstract concept-formation are similar. The "medium-level" crossbills, although they can also form the same concepts, perform this process worse than corvids do, whereas the "lowest-level" seagulls and pigeons are not able to operate any abstractions or capable of solving other cognitive tests. The fact that corvids and parrots and anthropoids have similar abilities to successfully solve numerous cognitive tasks supports the hypothesis of the convergent evolution of brain and cognition in birds and primates.},
  issn =     {0044-5134},
  keywords = {crows corvus-moneduloides western scrub-jays caledonian crows tool-use aphelocoma-californica avian forebrain hooded crows blue jay evolution intelligence},
  type =     {Journal Article}
}
